NEET Syllabus and Exam Pattern

NEET Exam Pattern: Marks Distribution

Subjects Number of Questions Maximum Marks
Physics 45 180
Chemistry 45 180
Biology 45 180
Total 180 720

NEET Physics Syllabus Class 11th

Sections Topics
Physical World and Measurement
  1. Dimensions of physical quantities, applications, and dimensional analysis
  2. Need for measurement: length, time, systems of units, SI units, mass, significant figures
Kinematics
  1. Unit vectors, resolution of vector in plane-rectangular component
  2. Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration to describe the motion
  3. Scalar and vector quantities: position and displacement vectors, general vectors, addition/ multiplication/ subtraction of vectors
Laws of Motion
  1. Dynamics of uniform circular motion
  2. Equilibrium of concurrent forces, laws of friction, lubrication, kinetic friction, etc.
  3. Intuitive concept of force, Inertia, Newton’s third law of motion, the law of conservation of linear momentum, and its application
Work, Power, and Energy
  1. The notion of potential energy, motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions
  2. Work done by a constant and variable force, work-energy theorem, power
Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
  1. Moment of a force-torque, conservation of angular momentum with some examples
  2. Center of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation, momentum conservation, center of mass of the uniform rod
Gravitation
  1. Kepler’s law of planetary motion, acceleration due to gravity, the universal law of gravitation
  2. Geostationary satellites, gravitational potential, escape velocity, orbital velocity of satellites
Properties of bulk matter
  1. Heat transfer- conduction and thermal conductivity, convection radiation, Wein’s displacement law, Green-house effect
  2. Viscosity, Stokes law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow
  3. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion of solids, gas, and liquid
  4. Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan's law
  5. Elastic behavior, Hooke’s law, elastic energy, bulk modulus, shear, etc.
Thermodynamics
  1. Second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible process, heat engines and refrigerators
  2. Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature, heat, work, internal energy
Behavior of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory
  1. Kinetic theory of gases
  2. Assumptions
  3. Concept of pressure
  4. Concept of mean free path
  5. Law of equipartition of energy and application to specific heat capacities of gases
  6. Equation of state of a perfect gas
Oscillations and Waves
  1. Wave motion, longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion, a reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, the principle of superposition of waves
  2. Periodic motion period, frequency, simple pendulum derivation of expression for its period, free, forced, and damped oscillations, kinetic and potential energies

NEET Physics Syllabus Class 12th

Sections Topics
Electrostatics
  1. Electric field, electric field lines, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
  2. Electric charges, superposition principle, continuous charge distribution, coulomb’s law-force between two-point charges
  3. Electric flux uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its application to find field due to an infinitely long straight wire
  4. Conductors and insulators, Van de Graaff generator, dielectrics, and electric polarisation, a combination of capacitors and capacitance, energy stored in a capacitor
Current Electricity
  1. Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge
  2. Carbon resistors, the temperature dependence of resistance, series, and parallel
  3. Electric current, Ohm’s law, V-I characteristics, electrical resistivity, and conductivity
  4. Potentiometer- principle, and applications to measure potential difference, measurement of internal resistance of a cell
Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
  1. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, Torque experienced by a current-carrying conductors-definition of an ampere, moving coil galvanometer its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
  2. Electromagnetic factors affecting their strength
  3. Concept of the magnetic field, Biot-Savart law, and its applications to current carrying circular loop
  4. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids, cyclotron
Electromagnetic Induction and Altering Currents
  1. Altering currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current, LC oscillations, resonance, LCR series circuit
  2. Electromagnetic induction, induced emf, and current, Lenz’s law, Eddy currents, Faradays law
  3. AC generator and transformer
Electromagnetic Waves
  1. Electromagnetic spectrum
  2. Need for displacement current
  3. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
Optics
  1. Scattering of the light-blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset
  2. Wave optics
  3. Diffraction due to a single slit, resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, plane-polarised light
  4. Reflection of light, refraction of light, magnificent, combination of thin lenses
Electronic Devices
  1. Energy bands in solids
  2. Junction transistor, oscillator, Logic gates, transistor as a switch
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
  1. Matter waves-wave nature of particulars, de Broglie relation
  2. Photoelectric effect, Einstein’s photoelectric equation- particle nature of light
Atoms and Nuclei
  1. Radioactivity-alpha, gamma and beta rays/ particles, properties and its variation with mass number, fusion

NEET Chemistry Syllabus Class 11th

Sections Topics
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
  1. General Introduction: Importance, scope of chemistry
  2. Laws of chemical combination and Dalton’s atomic theory: Concepts of atoms, molecules, and Elements
  3. Atomic and molecular masses: Concept of Mole, Concept of molar mass, percentage composition, empirical formula, molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, calculations based on stoichiometry.
Structure of Atom
  1. Atomic number, isotopes, isobars: Concept of shells, concept of subshells, dual nature of matter and light, relationship of de Broglie’s law, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, concept of orbital, rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles, Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled, stability of completely filled orbitals
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
  1. Modern periodic law, long form of periodic table, periodic trends in the properties of elements atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence
hemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  1. Valence electrons, covalent bond, ionic bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, valence bond theory, polar character of covalent bond, resonance of molecules, geometry of molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules, Hydrogen bond.
States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  1. Three states of matter: types of bonding, melting points, boiling points, intermolecular interactions, role of gas laws in the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Gay Lussac’s law, Charle’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behaviour of gases, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, ideal gas equation, Kinetic energy, molecular speeds, deviation of ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature
  2. Liquid State: Vapour pressure, viscosity, surface tension
Thermodynamics
  1. First law of thermodynamics: Internal energy, enthalpy, measurement of U and H, heat capacity, specific heat, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, enthalpy of combustion, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of atomization, enthalpy of sublimation, enthalpy of phase transition, enthalpy of ionization, enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of dilution.
  2. Introduction of entropy: Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous, non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and criteria for spontaneity.
  3. Third law of thermodynamics: Brief introduction
Equilibrium
  1. Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant
  2. Factors affecting equilibrium: Le Chatelier’s principle, ionic equilibrium, ionization of acids and bases, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, strong and weak electrolytes, acid strength, concept of pH
  3. Hydrolysis of salts: Buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect
Redox Reactions
  1. Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction: Redox reactions oxidation number, Balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electrons, Change in oxidation numbers
Hydrogen
  1. Occurrence of hydrogen, isotopes of hydrogen, preparation of hydrogen, properties of hydrogen, uses of hydrogen, hydrides ionic, covalent and interstitial, physical properties of water, chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, uses and its structure
s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
  1. Group I and group 2 elements: Introduction, Electronic Configuration of the first element of each group, occurrence of the first element of each group, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties, trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens, uses
  2. Preparation and Properties of Some important Compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium, biological importance of potassium
  3. Industrial use of lime and limestone: Biological Importance of Mg and Ca
Some p-Block Elements
  1. Introduction to p-Block Elements
  2. Group 13 elements: Introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, variation of properties, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group, Boron
  3. Some important compounds: Borax, Boric Acids, Boron Hydrides
  4. Aluminium: Uses, Reactions with acids and alkalis.
  5. General 14 elements: Introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element, variation of properties
  6. Carbon: allotropic forms, physical properties, chemical properties, uses of some important compounds, oxides
  7. Compounds of silicon: uses, silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses
Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
  1. Organic Chemistry: Introduction, methods of purification, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, classification of organic compounds, IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
  2. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, hyperconjugation
  3. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles, nucleophiles, types of organic reactions
Hydrocarbons
  1. Alkanes: Nomenclature, conformations, isomerism, physical properties, chemical reactions, combustion and pyrolysis
  2. Alkenes: Nomenclature, structure of double bond, geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides, Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect, ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition
  3. Alkynes: Nomenclature, structure of triple bond, physical properties, methods of preparation, acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
  4. Aromatic hydrocarbons: Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, Benzene, resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties, mechanism of electrophilic substitution, Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Crafts alkylation, Friedel Crafts acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity
Environmental Chemistry
  1. Environmental pollution: Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, chemical reactions in smogs, major atmospheric pollutants, acid rain ozone, reactions of acid rain ozone, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect, global warming pollution, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution

NEET Chemistry Syllabus Class 12th

Sections Topics
Solid State
  1. Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids, unit cell in two dimensional,unit cell in three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators
Solutions
  1. Types of solutions: expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions
  2. Colligative Properties: relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor
Electrochemistry
  1. Redox Reactions: conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, molar conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis, Laws of electrolysis, dry cell-electrolytic cells, Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change, EMF of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion
Chemical Kinetics
  1. Rate of a reaction, factors affecting rates of reaction, concentration, temperature, catalyst, order, molecularity of a reaction, rate law, specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life, concept of collision theory, Activation energy, Arrhenious equation
Surface Chemistry
  1. Adsorption: physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous
  2. Activity and Selectivity: enzyme catalysis, colloidal state, distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions, lyophilic, lyophobic multimolecular, macromolecular colloids, properties of colloids, Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsions, types of emulsions
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
  1. Principles and methods of extraction: concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method, occurrence of aluminium, principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc, iron
p- Block Elements
  1. Group 15 elements: Introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, oxidation states, preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen, Phosphorous, allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus, preparation of phosphine, properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids
  2. Group 16 elements: Introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen, preparation, properties and uses, classification of oxides, ozone, Sulphur, allotropic forms, compounds of sulphur, preparation, preparation, properties of sulphur dioxide, uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid, industrial process of manufacture of sulphuric acid, properties of sulphuric acid, uses of sulphuric acid, oxoacids of sulphur
  3. Group 17 elements: Introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, compounds of halogens, preparation, properties of chlorine, uses of chlorine, hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens
  4. Group 18 elements: Introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses
d and f Block Elements
  1. Introduction, electronic configuration, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals, metallic character, characteristics of transition metals, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
  2. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4
  3. Lanthanide: electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanide contraction, its consequences
  4. Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states, comparison with lanthanide
Coordination Compounds
  1. Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, isomerism bonding, Werner’s theory VBT, CFT, importance of coordination compounds
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
  1. Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C –X bond, physical properties, chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, Optical rotation
  2. Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions, Uses and environment effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
  1. Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical properties, identification of primary alcohols, identification of secondary alcohols and identification of tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol
  2. Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols
  3. Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical properties, uses
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
  1. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical properties, nature of carbonyl group, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses
  2. Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical properties, uses
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
  1. Amines: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, classification, structure, physical properties, chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines
  2. Cyanides and Isocyanides: mentioned at relevant places
  3. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, importance in synthetic organic chemistry
Biomolecules
  1. Carbohydrates: Classification, monosaccharide, DL configuration, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, importance
  2. Proteins: Elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure, denaturation of proteins, enzymes
  3. Hormones: Elementary idea
  4. Vitamins: Classification and function
  5. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Polymers
  1. Classification: Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization, copolymerization
  2. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polyesters, bakelite, rubber, Biodegradable polymers, non-biodegradable polymers
Chemistry in Everyday Life
  1. Chemicals in medicines: analgesics, tranquillisers, antiseptics, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antacids, antihistamines
  2. Chemicals in food: preservatives, elementary ideas of antioxidants, artificial sweetening agents
  3. Cleansing agents: soaps and detergents, cleansing action

NEET Biology Syllabus Class 11th

Sections Topics
Diversity in Living World
  1. Biodiversity
  2. Concept of species
  3. Taxonomic hierarchy
  4. Binomial nomenclature
  5. Need for classification
  6. Three domains of life
  7. Taxonomy; Systematics
  8. Tools for study of Taxonomy
  9. Herbaria
  10. Salient features and classification of plants
  11. Salient features and classification of animals
  12. Botanical gardens
  13. Five kingdom classification
Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
  1. Morphology
  2. Modifications
  3. Animal tissues
  4. Tissues
  5. Anatomy
  6. Functions of different parts of flowering plants
  7. Morphology
  8. Anatomy
  9. Functions of different systems
Cell Structure and Function
  1. Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
  2. Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
  3. Plant cell and animal cell
  4. Chemical constituents of living cells
  5. Biomolecules
  6. Cell division
Plant Physiology
  1. Transport in plants
  2. Long distance transport of water
  3. Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata
  4. Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients
  5. Diffusion of gases Mineral nutrition
  6. Deficiency symptoms
  7. Mineral toxicity
  8. Elementary idea of Hydroponics
  9. Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle
  10. Biological nitrogen fixation Photosynthesis
  11. Site of photosynthesis take place
  12. Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
  13. Cyclic and non-cyclic and photophosphorylation
  14. Chemiosmotic hypothesis
  15. Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways
  16. Factors affecting photosynthesis Respiration
  17. Cellular respiration
  18. Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated
  19. Amphibolic pathways
  20. Respiratory quotient
  21. Plant growth and development
  22. Differentiation, dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation
  23. Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell
  24. Growth
  25. Regulators
  26. Vernalisation
  27. Photoperiodism
Human Physiology
  1. Digestion and absorption
  2. Egestion, Nutritional and digestive disorders Breathing and Respiration
  3. Respiratory system in humans
  4. Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans
  5. Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders
  6. Body fluids and circulation
  7. Human circulatory system
  8. Regulation of cardiac activity
  9. Disorders of the circulatory system- Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure
  10. Excretory Products and their elimination
  11. Human excretory system
  12. Urine formation, Osmoregulation
  13. Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus
  14. Disorders, Uraemia, Renal failure, renal calculi, Nephritis, Dialysis and artificial kidney
  15. Locomotion and Movement
  16. Skeletal system and its functions
  17. Joints
  18. Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia Gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout
  19. Neural control and coordination
  20. Nervous system in humans- central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system
  21. Generation and conduction of nerve impulse
  22. Reflex action
  23. Sense organs
  24. Elementary structure and function of eye and ear
  25. Chemical coordination and regulation
  26. Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads
  27. Mechanism of hormone action
  28. Role of hormones as messengers and regulators
  29. Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders

NEET Biology Syllabus Class 12th

Sections Topics
Reproduction
  1. Reproduction in organisms
  2. Asexual reproduction and Modes
  3. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure
  4. Development of male and female gametophytes
  5. Pollination types, agencies and examples
  6. Outbreeding devices
  7. Pollen-Pistil interaction
  8. Double fertilization
  9. Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit
  10. Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony
  11. Significance of seed and fruit formation Human Reproduction
  12. Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary
  13. Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis
  14. Menstrual cycle
  15. Fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation
  16. Pregnancy and placenta formation
  17. Parturition
  18. Lactation
  19. Reproductive health
  20. Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
  21. Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
  22. Amniocentesis
  23. Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies — IVF, ZIFT, GIFT
Genetics and Evolution
  1. Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance
  2. Chromosome theory of inheritance
  3. Chromosomes and genes
  4. Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bees
  5. Linkage and crossing over
  6. Sex-linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness
  7. Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia
  8. Chromosomal disorders in humans
  9. Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes
  10. Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material
  11. Structure of DNA and RNA
  12. DNA packaging
  13. DNA replication
  14. Central dogma
  15. Transcription, genetic code, translation
  16. Gene expression and regulation-Lac Operon
  17. Genome and human genome project
  18. DNA fingerprinting
  19. Evolution: Origin of life
  20. Biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution from Palaeontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence
  21. Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
  22. Mechanism of evolution
  23. Gene flow and genetic drift
  24. Hardy-Weinberg’s principle
  25. Adaptive Radiation
  26. Human evolution
Biology and Human Welfare
  1. Health and Disease
  2. Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines
  3. Cancer, HIV and AIDS
  4. Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse
  5. Improvement in food production
  6. Plant breeding, tissue culture, single-cell protein, Biofortification
  7. Apiculture and Animal husbandry
  8. Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers
Biotechnology and Its Applications
  1. Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering
  2. Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy
  3. Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops
  4. Transgenic Animals
  5. Biosafety issues-Bio piracy and patents
Ecology and Environment
  1. Organisms and environment
  2. Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism
  3. Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution Ecosystem
  4. Energy flow
  5. Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
  6. Nutrient cycling
  7. Ecological succession
  8. Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release Biodiversity, and its conservation
  9. Patterns of Biodiversity
  10. Importance of Biodiversity
  11. Loss of Biodiversity
  12. Biodiversity conservation
  13. Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks, and sanctuaries
  14. Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control
  15. Water pollution and its control
  16. Agrochemicals and their effects
  17. Solid waste management
  18. Radioactive waste management
  19. Greenhouse effect and global warming
  20. Ozone depletion
  21. Deforestation

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